FINDINGS SHOWED THAT THE FORM OF MENTAL ELEMENT ACCOMPANYING THE OFFENSE HAS A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE ESTIMATION OF OFFENSE SERIOUSNESS, THAT WHERE NO MENTAL ELEMENT IS SPECIFIED RESPONDENTS GENERALLY ATTRIBUTE INTENTIONALITY TO THE PERPETRATOR OF THE OFFENSE, AND THE DEGREE OF HARM INFLICTED HAS A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE ESTIMATION OF OFFENSE SERIOUSNESS. THE THIRD WAS THAT THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE PHYSICAL ACT CONSTITUTES AN INDEPENDENT COMPONENT IN THE JUDGMENT OF OFFENSE SERIOUSNESS. THE SECOND WAS THAT, WHERE NO MENTAL ELEMENT WAS SPECIFIED IN THE OFFENSE FORMULATION, RESPONDENTS WOULD ATTRIBUTE INTENTIONALITY.

THE FIRST WAS THAT RESPONDENTS WOULD ATTRIBUTE GREATER SERIOUSNESS TO PROHIBITED ACTS COMMITTED WITH A HIGHER LEVEL OF MENTAL ELEMENT THAN TO THE SAME ACTS COMMITTED WITH A LOWER LEVEL OF MENTAL ELEMENT. RESPONDENTS WERE 91 STUDENTS ATTENDING COURSES IN THE SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT AT TEMPLE UNIVERSITY. 1.) Determine the values for P, N and Dr for a 30T sprocket 2.) Calculate the remaining values using the formulas on the preceding page. THE OFFENSES USED WERE WOUNDING, HOMICIDE, ARSON, AND THE SALE OF ADULTERATED GOODS. Chain Number 25 35 41 40 Pitch ¼ 3/8 ½ ½ Max Roller Diameter 0.130 0.200 0.306 5/16 This refers to the bushing diameter since the chain pitch is small and roller-less.THE STUDY UTILIZED A QUESTIONNAIRE OF 80 ITEMS, WHICH INCLUDED 4 FORMULATIONS OF THE OFFENSE EACH WITH A MENTAL ELEMENT OF DIFFERENT GRAVITY. THE FOUR LEVELS OF THE MENTAL STATE OF WHICH CRIMINAL LAW TAKES COGNIZANCE ARE DESCRIBED. UNLIKE RIEDEL'S, THIS STUDY EMPHASIZED THE LEGAL COMPONENTS OF THE OFFENSE ITSELF, DIFFERENTIATING NOT ONLY BETWEEN THE MENTAL AND THE PHYSICAL ELEMENTS, BUT ALSO BETWEEN THE VARIOUS GRADATIONS OF THE MENTAL ELEMENT. THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO REEXAMINE THE RELEVANCE OF THE MENTAL ELEMENT IN THE PERCEIVED SERIOUSNESS OF OFFENSES. A REVIEW OF EARLIER STUDIES OF THE MENS REA COMPONENT INDICATES THAT, APART FROM THE RIEDEL STUDY, THERE IS LITTLE DIRECT EVIDENCE ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NONPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE OFFENSE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SEVERITY SCALE.

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